Showing posts with label executive compensation. Show all posts
Showing posts with label executive compensation. Show all posts

Corpocracy: How CEOs and the Business Roundtable Hijacked the World's Greatest Wealth Machine -- And How to Get It Back Review

Corpocracy: How CEOs and the Business Roundtable Hijacked the World's Greatest Wealth Machine -- And How to Get It Back
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Corpocracy: How CEOs and the Business Roundtable Hijacked the World's Greatest Wealth Machine -- And How to Get It Back ReviewCorpocracy is an ugly word, not just because of its mixed roots, but because of the governance situation in the United States which it has been coined to describe. In this compelling book, Bob Monks has summarised the means by which American business interests have conspired to suborn the state. No-one else has his authority or breadth of experience in this field of corporate governance. A corporate lawyer and banker by calling, he headed the division in charge of ERISA in the political field and he helped launch Institutional Shareholder Services and LENS to prove that active investors create value. He has distilled his remarkable range of experience into a brief and highly readable polemic. In doing so, he argues that the balance of power between corporations, those who own their shares and those charged with regulating their conduct has to be redressed.
It might, at first sight, seem that the situation which he analyses so penetratingly is peculiar to the United States and that the wider world need not actively concern itself with the author's message. This would be to underestimate the importance of this book. The lessons to be drawn from the consequences of the rise of the political power of American business, which it chronicles, are universal. In addition, given the global reach of American corporations, the need to restore their accountability to their investors within an effective regulatory framework has global implications.
Corpocracy is not a lament, though it describes much that is lamentable. It is a sober and arresting account of the manner in which the author's personal efforts to persuade the appropriate authorities, regulators and major investing institutions to do their duty, morally and juridically, has met with little effective response. The book's impact is all the greater for the restrained manner in which Bob Monks describes how those appointed to discharge their statutory and fiduciary duties repeatedly failed to do so. Inaction by the gatekeepers, left the field open to the untrammelled rapacity of imperial CEOs.
The balance of power between boards and CEOs in the United States remains a paradox, given the country's regulatory history of preventing accretions of power in relation to trusts and to banking. Nowhere else would it be possible to elect a director on a single vote, nowhere else could shareholder votes be invalidated by "ballot stuffing", nowhere else are shareholders so limited in their ability to raise issues at AGMs, which some directors may not even bother to attend. The prevailing concept of CEO/chairmen selecting their outside board members, thus compromising their independence, strengthens the hand of the CEO at the expense of that of the board.
The response to this imbalance in governance terms is the financial track record of US corporations, but at whose expense has it been achieved? Bob Monks' answer is:
"History will look back on the 1990s and early 2000s as a time when the principal officers of public American corporations transferred from shareholders to themselves approximately $1 trillion - or 10 percent of the market value of public exchanges. This must be the largest peacetime movement of wealth ever recorded, and it was accomplished through stealth that amounted to theft and in a spirit of regulatory permissiveness that certainly rises near to the level of criminal neglect." In addition, there is the extra 5 percent of profitability that the Corporate Library metric tells us is lost through bad practice, plus the opportunity cost of boards focusing on short term personal aggrandisement at the expense of sustainable profitable growth. As the one member of the SEC, who opposed the Committee's recent decision to limit the ability of shareholders to put forward resolutions, said: "Corporate governance in the United States is not well served by inattentive boards that are effectively unaccountable to shareholders."
Inevitably one of the headline manifestations of this lack of accountability has been the grossness of the rewards, which some of these principal officers have arrogated to themselves, for failure as well as success. There are attempts to justify these excesses by analogy with the earnings of stars of sport, stage and screen or by claiming that they are market determined. The analogy with the stars is manifestly spurious. The stars earn what their individual talent commands in the hotly contested market for entertainment. The profits of a corporation are earned collectively and represent the sum of the efforts of everyone in an enterprise. The issue therefore is how they should be distributed in a form that would be generally perceived to be fair and in accordance with the concept of natural justice.
A corporation's pay structure should meet the test of equity, rewarding those working for it, from top to bottom, in relation to their contribution to its performance. Ignoring equity in rewards sows the seeds of social division and dissension with its longer term consequences. What seems to have set the bounds to the multiple by which the earnings of the principal officers of companies exceed those of the average employee in most countries is a sense of social cohesion. The multiple varies by country and through time, but it represents a social constraint or discipline, which carries with it economic advantages not to be ignored.
The fact that shareholders are outraged by the grosser excesses of the pay packages of the principal officers of some corporations is no more than a symptom of the lack of accountability of US boards to those who own their stock, hence the theme of the book. It is a cause which Bob Monks has espoused and pursued with a determination and energy that is wholly admirable and selfless. In spite of setbacks, he believes that this essential accountability can be restored. He sees no cause for new laws, agencies or fiscal measures, though the existing statutory and regulatory framework should be effectively enforced. He argues that it is the major investing institutions that carry the obligation to themselves and to society to restore trust in the capitalistic system.
They have the power to reform the governance of corporations and they have a straightforward economic incentive to do so. The obligation, however, of the great foundations, among the investing institutions, to play their part in bringing about reform goes beyond the calculus of financial gain. It lies at the heart of their creation. They directly assist their chosen causes, but that is within the wider context of a market system which provides them with the ability to do this. They have a responsibility to maintain the means by which they fulfil the aims for which they were founded.
The book's message is therefore optimistic, provided that it is heeded in time. Trust and accountability can be restored, but it will take courage and above all leadership to do so. What is needed is enlightened leadership by those in a position to exercise it in the investing institutions and in corporations themselves. In Bob Monks' words:
"It demands that those with a majority stake in the corpocracy - its principal owners and beneficiaries - lead the way back to the broad light of day. The hour is late. The sun won't always be waiting."
Read Corpocracy and judge for yourself!Corpocracy: How CEOs and the Business Roundtable Hijacked the World's Greatest Wealth Machine -- And How to Get It Back Overview

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Executive Compensation Best Practices (Wiley Best Practices) Review

Executive Compensation Best Practices (Wiley Best Practices)
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Executive Compensation Best Practices (Wiley Best Practices) ReviewOverall, this book provides a solid overview of a range of executive compensation practices. The section on proxy statement disclosures was particularly helpful because it provides a number of specific examples from proxy statements issued after the new SEC rules took effect.
Other sections are not as strong. I suspect that the book is best suited for junior level advisors to Compensation Committees (such as junior level compensation consultants or law firm associates), rather than the committee members themselves. For more senior professionals and committee members, the book may provide some helpful reminders. Still, the price is moderate enough to justify purchasing it, particularly if the proxy statement disclosure section will be of interest.Executive Compensation Best Practices (Wiley Best Practices) Overview

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The Complete Guide to Executive Compensation Review

The Complete Guide to Executive Compensation
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The Complete Guide to Executive Compensation ReviewThis volume provides comprehensive information for understanding the issues involved in developing a sound executive compensation package that blends all elements, while taking into account government regulations, tax law, organization and executive needs, and the rewarding of performance. The author provides a framework for the subject and chapters devoted to: performance measurement and standards; current versus deferred compensation; the stakeholders; salary; benefits and perquisites; short-term and long-term incentives; design and communication considerations; and board of directors. Appendices cover selected: laws; internal revenue code sections; revenue rulings; SEC actions; and accounting interpretations. This is an exceptionally rich and accessible work. A list of about one-hundred definitions and formulas of financial measurements is just one feature that reveals the depth and quality of this book. Very highly recommended.The Complete Guide to Executive Compensation Overview

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Fair Pay, Fair Play: Aligning Executive Performance and Pay Review

Fair Pay, Fair Play: Aligning Executive Performance and Pay
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Fair Pay, Fair Play: Aligning Executive Performance and Pay ReviewRobin Ferracone hits the right buttons in her new volume when she describes how to develop of an "alignment" report that can be used by boards and shareowners to ensure executive pay will be judged as "fair." She also interviewed the right people to work in a reasonable degree of wisdom from the perspective of shareowners. However, she falls short in glossing over high executive pay as a potential problem, a "myth."
That's understandable, given that she is a pay consultant. Shouting out that most CEOs are overpaid isn't likely to win clients, since most compensation committee members still look to CEOs and other incumbent directors, not shareowners, to hold them accountable... although that may be changing within a few years due to "proxy access." The book is clearly aimed at compensation committees but shareowners will also find the book useful, once they get past some of the contradictions in Ferracone's pseudo-sociology.
Warren Buffett, who doesn't use compensation committees or consultants at Berkshire Hathaway thinks the best way to effect irresponsible board members and overpaid CEOs is to embarrass them. Nell Minow advises that stories on overcompensated CEOs loudly name all members of the compensation committee.
In contrast, Ferracone hopes that "solid and consistent analysis, not embarrassment" using her "Alignment Model" will lead corporations to "self-monitor and adjust their executive pay practices, and that voluntary reform will obviate the need for additional government intervention and allow government to go back to helping solve other problems in our society, such as issues in education and the environment." Yes, and if companies would just take the necessary steps voluntarily, governments won't have to mandate measures to address global climate change. Don't count on it.
Investors have seen their 401(k) plans reduced to 200½(k) plans. Yet, according to Ferracone, "The notion that America's wealthy people have become wealthier by virtue of seizing the wealth from others instead of creating it is just simply misguided logic."
Due to huge tax cuts, the rich now bring home the largest proportion of income since the 1920s. One out of seven Americans lives below the poverty line, while the top 2% fight to retain Bush tax cuts amounting to $700 billion over 10 years. Upward mobility in the USA is now lower than in developed economies. The only industrialized democracy with a higher concentration of wealth in the top 10% than the United States is Switzerland.
Ferracone focuses her pitch at helping boards find that zone of acceptability, where pay is aligned with value delivered, even in a "say on pay" environment. That's positive, but I can't give her a free pass as myth buster, even though her actual discussions on how to pay for performance are on target.
According to Ferracone, the vast majority of CEOs are not overpaid. Their compensation, adjusted for company size, industry, performance and inflation, has been virtually flat over the last 15 years, only increasing 1.6 times. Productivity gains alone account for all but $400,000 of the increase.
Investors agree. "About 75% of the investors surveyed by the Center On Executive Compensation in 2008 said that they had no real concerns about the levels of executive compensation in the United States." Who are the members of the Center? They are the chief human resource officers of 300 of the large companies. They work for the CEOs! Who were the investors surveyed? They were the top twenty-five institutional U.S. equity investors. Many, like Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, and Morgan Stanley were the same "investors" who took the financial services sector from 20% of the economy to 40% before the crash, through bets on synthetic derivatives and other nonproductive "investments."
Even after driving the world economy to the abyss and being bailed out, the CEOs of many of these large investment firms still got huge bonuses. However, ask beneficial owners if CEOs are overpaid; you'll get a different response. They didn't put "say on pay" and a requirement to report pay ratios into the Dodd-Frank bill because 75% of the biggest institutional investors surveyed had no concerns. They it because beneficial owners and average Americans are rightfully outraged.
Unfortunately, the American Dream and the personal aspirations of too many CEOs are built around the trinity of wealth, power and fame. These superficial values have become too embedded in the American consciousness. As we strive to resolve the financial crisis, we would do well to examine the need for a constructive shift in values that look to making a contribution to a better world... and that certainly should include well run companies.
Ferracone contends people are angry because a small percentage of companies have distributed excessive pay packages, which she rather arbitrarily defines as companies paying at the 95th percentile or higher... coupled with low performance. Does that mean those who weren't outliers earned their pay?
No, not even according to Ferracone. Many companies say that they align pay with performance, but most don't know whether, in fact, they've achieved alignment. Only 8% of variation in "Performance-Adjusted Compensation" (her trade marked version of compensation after performance happens) is explained by variations in performance, defined as Total Shareholder Return; on the other hand, 30% of variations in Performance-Adjusted Compensation is explained by differences in company size, 11% is explained by industry, and 51% is unexplained. With only 8% explained by performance, how can Ferracone argue the vast majority of CEOs are not overpaid?
In a study Ferracone herself conducted, she found the vast majority of board directors and executives feel as though greater government intervention will not only NOT solve the Alignment issue, but could make matters worse. Is this supposed to be a revelation? Of course they don't want government intervention.
Ferracone does offer some degree of balance in her Epilogue. She notes, "executive compensation should mostly be a matter that is between shareholders and the executives they employ." Government "needs to make sure shareholders have the rights they need to appropriately influence the companies in which they are invested."
Unfortunately, the first right she goes on to mention is the ability to buy and sell shares in a level exchange process. While that's important, the "Wall Street Walk" encourages poor pay alignment, since if the investors who are unsatisfied walk away the more passive investors who are left are unlikely to take action regarding pay abuses.
She adds that shareowners "need to be in a position to elect board directors and vote on key proposals that affect their equity." Good, but I would have felt better if she had inserted the word "nominate" with regard to selecting directors.
Ferracone's firm, Farient Advisors LLC, is one of a growing number of pay advisers that sprang up to meet the needs of compensation committees that don't want to be seen as conflicted by hiring the same firm that simultaneously works for management. That's certainly a step in the right direction, as is Ferracone's substantive discussion on how to align pay and performance. If shareowners, compensation committees and CEOs converge their dialogue around her Performance-Adjusted Compensation that would be another good move.Fair Pay, Fair Play: Aligning Executive Performance and Pay Overview

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